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 Abortion
Did you know? The attempt to control abortions by law was a nineteenth-century development: laws making abortion a crime were passed by American state legislatures, beginning in 1821 and throughout the remainder of the century. These laws were an abrupt departure from earlier American practice. American courts had traditionally followed the old English common law, which did not condemn abortion before quickening (before the mother could feel the developing fetus move, at some time around sixteen to eighteen weeks). Although court decisions and writings explaining the common law's position on abortion are sparse and conflicting, most of the old cases deal with conduct causing miscarriage after the fetus has quickened...
AIDS
Did you know? The public health epidemic surrounding the human immunodeficiency virus has become a harsh reality of life for both our nation and the world, permeating and reweaving the social fabric of our society in profound ways. The sharp societal differences in perceptions concerning public health, ethics, and civil liberties have created the largest body of legal cases attributable to a single disease in the history of American jurisprudence. AIDS, as a disease, is highly misunderstood. It affects many individuals in society who are already discriminated against due to their national origin, sexual orientation, substance abuse problems, or other medical condition such as hemophilia...
Antigone
Did you know? It seems that in March, 441 B.C., the Antigone made Sophocles famous. The poet, fifty-five years old, had now produced thirty-two plays; because of this one, tradition relates, the people of Athens elected him, the next year, to high office. We hear he shared the command of the second fleet sent to Samos.
When the people of Samos failed to support the government just established for them by forty Athenian ships, Athens sent a fleet of sixty ships to restore democracy and remove the rebels. The Aegean then was an Athenian sea. Pericles, the great political leader and advocate of firm alliance, was first in command.
Pericles' political, and Sophocles' poetic, authority had grown during Athens' expansion...
Assisted Suicide
Did you know? On March 27, 1998, an Oregon woman in her eighties who was near death from breast cancer legally ended her life with barbiturates supplied by a physician. Another fourteen persons would join her in utilizing the Oregon Death With Dignity Act (ODDA) in its first year of operation.
The Oregon woman was the first person to die under the provisions of the ODDA, a 1994 law passed by voter referendum. The ODDA provides a safe harbor from criminal and civil law for family members, counselors, and physicians who help competent adults with less than six months to live end their lives with prescription drugs. The law also protects patients from fraud and coercion. The ODDA is the world's first law of its kind...
Bird Flu
Did you know? In southern China, including Hong Kong's New Territories and islands, which are still remarkably rural, ducks, chickens, pigs and people tend to live in close proximity on small farms. An influenza was diagnosed in late 1997 caused by a new virus known as H5NI, with the apparent capacity to jump directly from chickens to humans. It was not the first outbreak believed to emanate from the same area; its predecessors have included the deadly 'Asian flu' in 1957 and 'Hong Kong flu' in 1968...
Censorship
Did you know? The Abingdon challenges were the opening salvos in a war between the left and right for a very difficult twelve- year period. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the United States had a very conservative president as well, but the political climate was trending liberal. The anti-war movement fostered other liberal causes, such as the feminist and ecology movements, for example. It was during this era that L. B. Woods conducted, then published, a study of censorship challenges entitled "A Decade of Censorship in America". If an era of liberal causes could ostensibly produce "a decade of censorship," it seemed reasonable to assume that a more conservative era would produce at least as much, if not more so, in the number and types of challenges since censorship is more often attributed to the right wing...
Cloning
Did you know? The birth of Dolly, the world-famous cloned sheep, triggered the most extraordinary re-awakening of interest in, and concern about, cloning and indeed about scientific and technological innovation and its regulation and control. She has fuelled debate in a number of fora: genetic and scientific, political and moral, journalistic and literary. She has also given birth to a number of myths, not least among which is the myth that she represents a danger to humanity, the human gene pool, genetic diversity, the ecosystem, the world as we know it, and to the survival of the human species...
Death Penalty
Did you know? Until approximately the eighteenth century, death was not the harshest punishment available for law enforcement in civilized countries. Torture was. People found guilty of major crimes (often minor crimes by our lights) were not executed: They were tortured to death, and torture was so cruel that death came as a relief. Condemned persons were commonly boiled, burned, roasted on spits, drawn and quartered, broken on wheels, disemboweled, slowly dismembered, or torn apart by horses. Infinitely elaborate and breathtakingly cruel tortures lasted for days, with those subjected to them begging for death, sometimes granted - as a form of leniency...
Depression
Did you know? Modern psychiatry conceives of depression as a spectrum disorder, meaning that it need not be a separate diagnosis, but rather one that spans the entire spectrum of pathology and health. This characterization helps us to avoid seeing depression as a disease and a cause, and it helps us to see it rather as something more basic to the intentional style of many individuals, regardless of diagnosis. In other words, if one is haunted by seemingly insuperable compulsions or obsessions, and one tries the entire repertoire of strategies for focusing on other things - living an ordinary life, even getting through a day without anxiety - and fails, of course one will be depressed - that is, feel discouraged, sad, guilty, and lonely...
Dress Codes
Did you know? Most social scientists take it for granted that an individual's clothing expresses meaning. They accept the old saw that "a picture is worth a thousand words" and generally concede that dress and ornament are elements in a communication system. They recognize that a person's attire can indicate either conformity or resistance to socially defined expectations for behavior. Yet, few scholars have attempted to explain the meaning and relevance of clothing systematically. They often mistake it for fashion (a period's desired appearance), whereas clothing refers to established patterns of dress. As a result, neither clothing images nor the rules that govern their use have been adequately identified or explicated...
Driving Laws
Legally, drunk driving or driving while intoxicated (DWI) is defined by state law as driving with a specific amount or percentage of alcohol in the blood- the individual's Blood Alcohol Level (BAL), which can be measured through breath, urine, or blood tests. By 1989, all but four states had adopted .10 as the BAL at which drivers are considered legally drunk. 1 The rationale for making .10 the criterion for road-drunkenness is that at this BAL the driving skills of virtually everyone are significantly diminished- such individuals are accidents waiting to happen. Over 80 percent of all alcohol-related fatal crashes involve legally intoxicated drivers...
Drugs in Sports
Did you know? Ethical relativism has the unacceptable implication that the views of our culture or of other groups to which we belong are acceptable just as they are. But surely, even if our peer group does advocate, for example, the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports, they are not automatically correct to do so. We need to engage in ethical inquiry and argument to see if the best reasons support their view rather than to accept it merely because it is the view of the group to which we belong...
Eating Disorders
Within the field of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa crystallised out as a separate and distinct disorder over the course of the last century (Mount Sinai, 1965). It had the advantage of one criterion that was both undisputed and easy to measure, namely low weight. However, it was the description of the characterising beliefs and behaviours that led to the disorder being separated off from other states with weight loss. Furthermore, it was the description of similar beliefs and behaviours in people of unremarkable weight that led to the defnition of bulimia nervosa and its relatives. However, it is arguably when the defnition of mental disorder relies upon the mental state - as it almost inevitably should - that classifcation becomes more diffcult...
Euthanasia
Did you know? On Sunday night, November 22, 1998, viewers of the CBS television program 60 Minutes watched in horror as Dr. Jack Kevorkian killed fifty-two-year-old Thomas Youk. Youk, suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease, had asked Kevorkian to end his life, and Kevorkian complied by injecting him with poison to stop his heart.
Youk was not the first person Kevorkian had helped to die, but he was likely the last. In 1999, the seventy-year-old Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to jail for ten to twenty-five years...
Gun Control
The history of federal firearms regulation provides perspective on the kinds of gun controls that are within the realm of the possible for the United States. It is likely that future federal gun control legislation will build upon the foundation that has been established over the past 75 years. Up until now the principal federal policy is that law-abiding adults should be allowed to purchase and possess firearms, at least in their homes, but that dangerous classes of people should be denied access to guns and should be punished for possessing them. Furthermore, both federal and state criminal laws provide very serious punishment for crimes committed with a firearm...
Hamlet
Did you know? The conclusion of a play is one of the surest indexes to your dramatist's thought. It is so with the Greeks, for with them there is always the final choral comment; it is so with Ibsen, for in the end he has stripped the soul of the hero or heroine bare; it is equally so with the Elizabethans. The chorus here, we have already seen, is Fortinbras. But what is Hamlet himself concerned for at the last, after his work is done? Mainly for his "wounded name."
Nothing in the words or the situation will justify any interpretation except that Hamlet is anxious to have the world know why he had killed his uncle the King...
Macbeth
Although few would question Macbeth's status as a tragedy, the more challenging task is to identify the play's specific tragic elements according to a clear definition of the genre. Students may
be confident to sketch out general patterns, suggesting that tragedy ends with death, that the main character experiences suffering, that misfortune is a prevailing theme. In Macbeth , all these observations hold true. But the play also exists in a dramatic tradition that includes echoes of classical Greek and Roman theater, as well as early medieval English plays. These influences illuminate Macbeth's tragic development and address problems raised by a central character who demonstrates a capacity for both heroism and villainy...
Racism
It is the dominant view among scholars who have studied conceptions of difference in the ancient world that no concept truly equivalent to that of "race" can be detected in the thought of the Greeks, Romans, and early Christians. The Greeks distinguished between the civilized and the barbarous, but these categories do not seem to have been regarded as hereditary. One was civilized if fortunate enough to live in a city-state and participate in political life, barbarous if one lived rustically under some form of despotic rule. The Romans had slaves representing all the colors and nationalities found on the frontiers of their empire and citizens of corresponding diversity from among those who were free and proffered their allegiance to the republic or the emperor...
Stem Cell Research
Did you know? On 9 August 2001, US President George W. Bush announced his administration’s policy toward stem cell research that permits research on more than sixty genetically diverse stem cell lines that already exist "where the life and death decision has already been made" (White House Press Release, Office of the Press Secretary 2001a, 2001b). With pressure from religious conservatives and fetal rights groups to deny federal funds for this type of research, and counter-pressure from various patient advocacy groups and professional organizations to fund stem cell research with federal dollars, the Bush position balances two imperatives: the need to advance scientific research for the benefit of mankind on the one hand, and the desire to protect the rights of the unborn on the other...
Teen Pregnancy
Did you know? Proclaimed a "national scandal" and cited as an indication of "a failure of American society, " teen pregnancy has been at the forefront of national debates and policy legislation about single motherhood, welfare, and the decline of morality and family values in the United States. 1 The phrase "teen pregnancy" is so engrained into U.S. political discourse and public sentiment that it may be surprising to note that this commonly used phrase has a relatively short history. Prior to the mid-1970s, the phrase was not used and the attention of the public and of policy makers, albeit scant, was focused upon the issue of unwed mothers of all ages. While we have always had "teen mothers" in society, we have not always had focused research, policy, and media attention on teen mothers...
Terrorism
Calling for terror to oppose terror represents well the polemic that dominated U.S. international policy during the 1980s. Yet the question of terrorism, both in terms of events and ideology, is clearly not the invention of one nation, one administration, or one decade. As shall be demonstrated, its dilemmas and controversies have a history, and one fears, a future. It is the nature of our time, however, that some appear ready to yield to barbarism in the name of antibar-barism. Yet, the problematique of terrorism transcends the political, tactical, and philosophical questions of how to respond...
Women's Rights
While the civil rights movement was building up steam in the South, other events that affected the lives of all women were taking place as well. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy established the President's Commission on the Status of Women. While Kennedy was very dependent on women's votes, he was not at all committed to promoting women's rights. It seems somewhat ironic, then, that he should be the one to establish the Commission, particularly because former presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman had been similarly lobbied to create a commission, and both had refused...
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